Lesiones ocasionadas por mordeduras de perros en niños atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bolivia / Dog bite injuries in children seen at a tertiary care hospital in Bolivia

Introducción. Este estudio pretende caracterizar las lesiones provocadas por perros en niños de un hospital pediátrico de Bolivia. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, en pacientes atendidos del 2017 al 2021. Resultados. Se estudiaron 769 pacientes. Las lesiones representaron el 5,6 % de las emergencias y el 0,8 % de las internaciones. Fueron más frecuentes en niños de hasta 5 años (55,1 %), en quienes se observó mayor gravedad de las lesiones (p = 0,008), antecedente de provocación al animal (p = 0,048), un animal agresor conocido (p <0,036), el contexto doméstico del accidente (p = 0,021), mayor frecuencia de profilaxis con suero luego de la exposición (p = 0,005) y regiones afectadas principalmente maxilofaciales (p <0,001). Observamos 3 casos de mortalidad por rabia humana y 1 por shock hipovolémico. Conclusión. Las lesiones producidas por perros son causas frecuentes de visita a emergencia y hospitalización en pediatría, y tienen características particulares en niños de hasta 5 años de edad.

Introduction. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of dog bite injuries in children seen at a children's hospital in Bolivia. Population and methods. This was an observational, retrospective study in patients seen between 2017 and 2021. Results. A total of 769 patients were studied. Dog bite injuries accounted for 5.6% of emergency visits and 0.8% of hospitalizations. They were more frequent in children younger than 5 years (55.1%), in whom the following were observed: greater injury severity (p = 0.008), history of animal provocation (p = 0.048), known attacking animal (p < 0.036), domestic accident (p = 0.021), greater frequency of post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-rabies serum (p = 0.005), and maxillofacial area as the main region involved (p < 0.001). There were 3 deaths due to human rabies and 1 due to hypovolemic shock. Conclusion. Dog bite injuries are a frequent cause of visit to the emergency department and hospitalization in pediatrics and have specific characteristics in children younger than 5 years.

Caracterização epidemiológica de acidentes com animais peçonhentos entre 2012-2021: revisão sistemática / Epidemiological characterization of accidents with poisonous animals between 2012-2021: systematic review / Caracterización Epidemiológica de acidentes con animales venenosos entre 2012-2021: revisión sistemática

Acidentes por animais peçonhentos são considerados um problema cosmopolita de saúde pública.Poucos são os estudos de revisão acerca da temática encontrados na literatura. Objetivo:definir os principaisaspectos epidemiológicos envolvidos nos acidentes com animais peçonhentos no período 2012-2021.Metodologia:Revisão sistemática, com base no protocolo PRISMA, incluindoartigos publicados entre 2012 e 2021, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, a partir da busca nas bases de dados PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS e Portal de Periódicos CAPES, utilizando a combinação dos descritores "Venoms" AND "Accidents" AND/OR "Epidemiological".Resultados:Foram encontrados 729 artigos, dos quais 17 foram selecionados para comporem esta revisão. A maioria(64,7%)dos artigos utilizaram o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação como fonte de dados, 76,4% evidenciaram o sexo masculino como o principal acometido, 64,7% apontaram a zona rural como principal área de ocorrência e faixa etária de 21-30 anos representou 47,05% dos artigos. Acidentes ofídicos demonstraram maior prevalência(47,05%), seguidos pelos escorpiônicos(23,5%). Os membros inferiores foram os mais acometidos(76,4%). Destacou-se tempo de atendimento de uma até 6 hora. Prevaleceram acidentes leves(82,3%), com bons índices de cura e poucos óbitos quanto comparado com o número total de casos. A soroterapia foi trabalhada em 11(64,7%)estudos, sendo utilizada principalmente em acidentes com serpentes. Dor e edema foram as principais manifestações locais, alterações vagais foram as principais manifestações sistêmicas e necrose, alterações do sistema circulatório e renal foram as principais complicações apontadas.Conclusões:Os achados possibilitaram melhor visualização e entendimento da problemática, reforçando a importância do desenvolvimento de ações interventivas que venham a melhorar os sistemas de saúde locais, colaborando na identificação de falhas e melhorias no atendimento imediato e preventivo em saúde (AU).

manifestations, vagal changes the main systemic manifestations, and necrosis, circulatory and renal system alterations the most important complications reported.Conclusions: The findings allow better visualization and understanding of the problem, reinforcing the importance of intervention to improve local health systems, thereby helping identify the shortcomings and improvements in prompt and preventive treatment (AU).

Los accidentes con animales ponzoñosos constituyen un problema de salud pública cosmopolita. Pocos estudios han realizado una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema.Objetivo: Determinar los principales aspectos epidemiológicos involucrados en los accidentes con animales ponzoñosos entre 2012 y 2021. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión sistemática, basada en el protocolo PRISMA, que incluye artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2021, en inglés, español y portugués, mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos PUBMED , SCIELO, LILACS y CAPES, y una combinación de los descriptores "Venenos" Y "Accidentes" Y/O "Epidemiológico". Resultados: Se encontraron un total de 729 artículos, de los cuales 17 fueron seleccionados para la revisión. La mayoría (64,7%) de los artículos utilizaron el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria como fuente de datos, el 76,4% encontró que el sexo masculino fue el más afectado, el 64,7% se presentó en la zona rural y el grupo etario de 21 a 30 años representó el 47,05% de las publicaciones. Las mordeduras de serpientes fueron las más prevalentes (47,05%), seguidas de las picaduras de escorpión (23,5%), y los miembros inferiores fueron los más afectados (76,4%). El tiempo de tratamiento fue de hasta 6 horas. Las mordeduras leves fueron las más comunes (82,3%), con buenas tasas de curación y pocas muertes en comparación con el número de casos. La seroterapia se aplicó en 11 (64,7%) estudios, principalmente en mordeduras de serpientes. El dolor y la tumefacción fueron las principales manifestaciones locales, los cambios vágales las principales manifestaciones sistémicas y la necrosis, las alteraciones del sistema circulatorio y renal las complicaciones más importantes reportadas.Conclusiones: Los resultados permiten una mejor visualización y comprensión del problema, reforzando la importancia de la intervención para mejorar los sistemas locales de salud, ayudando así a identificar las falencias y mejoras en el tratamiento oportuno y preventivo (AU).

Completude das notificações dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação: estudo descritivo, Brasil, 2007-2019 / Completeness of notifications of accidents involving venomous animals in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases: a descriptive study, Brazil, 2007-2019 / Completitud de las notificaciones de accidentes por animales ponzoñosos en el Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación: estudio descriptivo, Brasil, 2007-2019

Objective: to describe the completeness of notifications of accidents involving venomous animals held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN), in Brazil and its macro-regions, from 2007 to 2019. Methods: we analyzed essential and non-mandatory fields for snakebite, spider bite and scorpion sting notifications, considering the following completeness categories: Excellent (≤ 5.0% incompleteness), Good (5.0% to 10.0%), Regular (10.0% to 20.0%), Poor (20.0% ≤ 50.0%) and Very Poor (> 50.0%). Proportional change in completeness between 2007 and 2019 was estimated. Results: 1,871,462 notifications were investigated. The "localized manifestations", "systemic manifestations", "case classification", "case progression" and "zone of occurrence" fields had excellent or good completeness. Completeness was regular or poor for the "schooling" and "race/color" fields. The "occupation" field was predominantly poorly or very poorly filled in. There was a proportional worsening in completeness ((VP < 0) in most regions for the "zone of occurrence", "case progression" and "schooling" fields. Conclusion: completeness of most fields improved, although socioeconomic and occupational fields require more attention.

Objetivo: describir la completitud de las notificaciones de envenenamiento por serpientes, arañas y escorpiones en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración - Sinan, en Brasil y regiones, de 2007 a 2019. Métodos: se analizaron campos esenciales y no obligatorios para las notificaciones de ofidismo, aracneismo y escorpionismo, considerando las categorías de completitud: Excelente (≤ 5,0% de incompletitud), Buena (5,0% a 10,0%), Regular (10,0% a 20,0%), Mala (20,0% ≤ 50,0%) y Muy mala (> 50,0%). Se estimó el cambio proporcional en la completitud entre 2007-2019. Resultados: se investigaron 1.871.462 notificaciones. Los campos "manifestaciones locales y sistémicas", "zona de ocurrencia", "clasificación y evolución de casos" presentaron excelente o buena completitud. "Escolaridad" y "raza/color de piel" regular o mala completitud. "Ocupación" fue predominantemente mala/muy mala completitud. "Zona","evolución" y "escolaridad" mostraron empeoramiento proporcional en la completitud en la mayoría de las regiones ((VP < 0). Conclusión: hay mejoría y completitud en la mayoría de los campos, aunque los campos socioeconómico y ocupacional demandan atención.

Objetivo: descrever a completude das notificações de acidentes causados por animais peçonhentos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, no Brasil e macrorregiões, em 2007-2019. Métodos: analisou-se a completude de campos de preenchimento essenciais e não obrigatórios das notificações de ofidismo, araneísmo e escorpionismo, utilizando-se a classificação de "Excelente" (≤ 5,0% de incompletude), "Bom" (5,0% a 10,0%), "Regular" (10,0% a 20,0%), "Ruim" (20,0% e ≤ 50,0%) e "Muito ruim" (> 50,0%); estimou- -se a variação proporcional (VP) da completude. Resultados: foram investigadas 1.871.462 notificações; os campos "manifestações locais", "sistêmicas", "classificação do caso", "evolução do caso" e "zona de ocorrência" apresentaram completude excelente ou boa; "escolaridade" e "raça/cor da pele", completude regular ou ruim; ocupação, completude ruim ou muito ruim; "zona", "evolução do caso" e "escolaridade" apresentaram piora proporcional na completude, na maioria das regiões ((VP < 0). Conclusão: melhorou a completude na maioria dos campos, exceto socioeconômicos e ocupacionais, que demandam maior atenção.

Acidentes com animais peçonhentos no Brasil: uma revisão integrativa / Accidents with venomous animals in Brazil: an integrative review

Considerados como doenças negligenciadas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, os acidentes com animais peçonhentos são de grande relevância média por apresentarem altos índices de mortalidade e morbidade. Objetivo - O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos dos acidentes com animais peçonhentos no Brasil nos últimos dez anos. Métodos - Foram utilizadas publicações que compreendessem os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de estados, regiões ou municípios brasileiros. Para a revisão foram os artigos foram selecionados em maio de 2020, compreendendo os anos de 2010 a 2020. Resultados e Discussão - Os principais acidentes foram relacionados às serpentes peçonhentas e escorpiões. Nas regiões Sudeste, Norte, Centro-Oeste os acidentes ofídicos foram os mais recorrentes, enquanto que, na região Nordeste, os acidentes com escorpiões e um estudo da região Sul um estudo destacou o araneísmo como principal acidente. Os sinais e sintomas do ofidismo variaram de acordo com o gênero das serpentes, sendo os acidentes com o gênero Bothrops predominante. Os sintomas recorrentes foram: dor, edema, equimose, hemorragia local e sistêmica e alterações na coagulação. O escorpionismo foi causado principalmente pelo gênero Tityus, sendo os casos graves relacionados ao comprometimento pulmonar. Conclusão - Os tipos de acidentes, bem como os sinais e sintomas do envenenamento apresentam muitas variáveis, como região geográfica, gênero e espécie dos animais. A melhoria da qualidade dos dados epidemiológicos e ampliação da assistência em saúde são fatores essenciais para a redução no número de casos de mortalidade e morbidades decorrentes do envenenamento por animais peçonhentos.

Considered as neglected by the World Health Organization, accidents with venomous animals are of great relevance because they have high mortality and morbidity rates. Purpose - This review has the purpose to present the epidemiological and clinical aspects of accidents with venomous animals in Brazil in the past ten years. Methods - Publications were used that understood the clinical and epidemiological aspects of Brazilian states, regions or municipalities. For the review, articles were selected in May 2020, covering the years 2010 to 2020. Results and Discussion - The main accidents were related to venomous snakes and scorpions. In the Southeast, North, and Center-West regions, snakebite accidents were the most recurrent, while in the Northeast region, accidents involving scorpions and a study in the Southern region highlighted accidents with arachnids as the most frequent type of incident. Signs and symptoms of snakebite varied according to the gender of the snakes, with predominance for accidents with the Bothrops genus. Recurring symptoms included pain, edema, ecchymosis, local and systemic hemorrhage, and changes in coagulation. Scorpionism was mainly caused by the Tityus genus, with severe cases presenting pulmonary involvement. Conclusion - The types of accidents, as well as the signs and symptoms of envenomation, present many variables which included geographic region, gender and species of animals. Improving the quality of epidemiological data and expanding health care are essential factors for reducing the number of mortality and morbidity cases resulting from envenomation by venomous animals.

Aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos no Nordeste brasileiro / Epidemiological aspects of accidents by poisony animals in Northeast Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos de accidentes por animales venenosos en el Noreste de Brasil

Objetivo: Descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos no Nordeste do Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, construído a partir de dados secundários disponíveis no portal do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil referente aos casos de acidentes com animais peçonhentos no período de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: percebeu-se que entre 2015 e 2019 houve um crescimento percentual médio de 74,25% nos casos, sendo registrados cerca de 4 mil acidentes com animais peçonhentos por mês. Quanto aos aspectos sociodemográficos, predominou o sexo feminino (51,35%), pardos (62,51%), com faixa etária de 20-59 anos (57,5%). Além disso, nos aspectos clínicos dos acidentes, nota-se a maior ocorrência de acidentes com escorpiões (72,70%). Conclusão: vê-se a importância em analisar aspectos epidemiológicos a fim de subsidiar ações de promoção, proteção e gestão em saúde

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological aspects of accidents by venomous animals in Northeastern Brazil. Method: descriptive, retrospective study, constructed from secondary data available on the website of the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System regarding cases of accidents with venomous animals in the period from 2015 to 2019. Results: it was noticed that between 2015 and 2019 there was an average percentage increase of 74.25% in cases, with approximately 4 thousand accidents involving venomous animals per month. As for the sociodemographic aspects, there was a predominance of females (51.35%), browns (62.51%), aged 20-59 years (57.5%). In addition, in the clinical aspects of accidents, there is a higher occurrence of accidents with scorpions (72.70%). Conclusion: we see the importance of analyzing epidemiological aspects in order to support health promotion, protection and management actions

Objetivo: analizar los aspectos epidemiológicos de los accidentes por animales venenosos en el noreste de Brasil. Método: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, construido a partir de datos secundarios disponibles en el sitio web del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil sobre los casos de accidentes con animales venenosos en el período de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: se notó que entre 2015 y 2019 fue un aumento porcentual promedio de 74,25% en los casos, con aproximadamente 4 mil accidentes con animales venenosos por mes. En cuanto a los aspectos sociodemográficos, hubo predominio del sexo femenino (51,35%), marrones (62,51%), de 20 a 59 años (57,5%). Además, en los aspectos clínicos de los accidentes, hay una mayor ocurrencia de accidentes con escorpiones (72,70%). Conclusión: vemos la importancia de analizar los aspectos epidemiológicos para apoyar las acciones de promoción, protección y gestión de la salud

A study about the epidemiological characteristics of rabies of the cases of medical treatment from a certain hospital in Beijing from 2011 to 2020 / 中华预防医学杂志

From 2011 to 2020, there were 111 213 cases of rabies exposed people recruited from the rabies immunization clinic of a hospital in Beijing. The monthly distribution of patients in each year was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The distribution of patients showed remarkable seasonality, with the exposure peak from May to October. The ratio of male to female was 1∶1.3. The majority of patients were aged 20-29 years old (39.1%) and in-service personnel (56.5%). Level-Ⅱ wounds (84.2%) were more common than level-Ⅲ wounds (14.9%). The number of visits to level-Ⅲwounds increased rapidly since 2017. The most common injured body part was hand (60.7%). Dogs were the most common animal for injuries (60.6%), followed by cats (32.3%), of which most were host animals (75.5%). The vaccination rate from 2016 to 2020 [49.8% (24 276/48 703)] was significantly higher than that from 2011 to 2015[18.6% (6 559/35 272)](χ²=8597.18, P<0.001).

Características epidemiológicas de accidentes por mordeduras caninas y felinas en Lima Metropolitana / Epidemiological characteristics of canine and feline bite's accidents in Lima Metropolitana

Introducción: Las características epidemiológicas de los accidentes por mordeduras caninas y felinas han sido poco estudiados en el Perú. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y los factores de riesgo asociados con las mordeduras caninas y felinas en Lima Metropolitana, durante el año 2016. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el Centro de Salud Control de Zoonosis, Lima-Perú. La muestra estuvo conformada por 2175 fichas de atenciones por mordeduras caninas y felinas. Las variables evaluadas fueron: paciente (edad, sexo, tipo de accidente), característica de las mordeduras (tipo de lesión y área anatómica, característica del animal agresor (especie, condición y hábito). Se calculó la frecuencia y el odds ratio (OR) para cada uno de los factores de riesgo influyentes con sus intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento. Resultados: La frecuencia de mordeduras caninas fue del 93,79 por ciento (hombres 61,20 por ciento). El 59,30 por ciento de los gatos atacaron a mujeres. El 58,23 por ciento de las mordeduras de perros estuvieron localizadas en el miembro inferior (OR 8,02; IC: 4,95-12,29). El 83,70 por ciento de los gatos atacó en el miembro superior (OR 14,19; IC: 8,90-22,65). Los caninos y felinos causaron con mayor frecuencia lesiones únicas y superficiales. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgos relacionados con las mordeduras varían según la especie agresora. Debido a la persistencia de casos, los programas de prevención deben estar enfocados en la educación de la población, con énfasis en los grupos más vulnerables(AU)

Introduction: The epidemiological characteristics of accidents by canine and feline bites have been little studied in Peru. Objective: Determine the frequency and risk factors associated with canine and feline bites in Lima Metropolitana, during 2016. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study at the Zoonosis Control Health Center, in Lima, Peru. The sample consisted of 2175 attention sheets of canine and feline bites. The variables evaluated were: patient (age, sex, type of accident), characteristic of the bites (type of injury and anatomical area), and characteristic of the attacker animal (species, condition and habits). The frequency and odds ratio (OR) for each of the influential risk factors were calculated with their 95percent confidence intervals. Results: The frequency of canine bites was 93.79percent (men 61.20percent). 59.30percent of cats attacked women. 58.23percent of dog bites were located in the lower limbs (OR 8.02; IC: 4.95-12.29). 83.70percent of cats attacked in the upper limbs (OR 14.19; IC:8.90-22.65). Canines and felines most often caused unique and superficial lesions. Conclusions: Bite-related risk factors vary by attacker species. Due to the persistence of cases, prevention programmes should be focused on population education, with an emphasis on the most vulnerable groups(AU)

Clinical aspects of human rabies in the state of Ceará, Brazil: an overview of 63 cases

Abstract INTRODUCTION Rabies is considered one of the most relevant public health problems owing to its high fatality rate and the high number of deaths worldwide. METHODS We included patients with human rabies who attended a reference hospital in the state of Ceará during 1976-2019. RESULTS Data were available for 63 out of 171 (36.8%) patients. Of these patients, 48 (76.2%) were attacked by dogs. In recent years, wild animals have been the most common aggressor species (marmosets and bats). Only 39 (70%) patients were initially correctly suspected with rabies. Bites were the most frequent exposure (56; 96%), most commonly on the hands (21; 42%) and the head (9; 18.4%). Only 14 (22%) patients had sought medical assistance before the onset of symptoms, and only one completed post-exposure prophylaxis. The most prevalent signs and symptoms included aggressiveness/irritability (50; 79.4%), fever (42; 66.7%), sore throat/dysphagia (40; 63.5%), and myalgia (28; 44.4%). Hydrophobia was present in 17 patients (22.0%). CONCLUSIONS Most cases of human rabies in Ceará occurred due to the failure to seek medical assistance and/or the failure of the health system in initiating early post-exposure prophylaxis. There is a need for specific information and education campaigns focusing on the cycle of sylvatic rabies as well as prevention measures. Health professionals should undergo refresher training courses on the signs and symptoms of rabies and on the specific epidemiological features of the disease in Brazil.

Informe especial: Análisis comparativo de las denuncias de accidentes por mordeduras de animales de compañía en el contexto del ASPO por Covid-19 / Special report: Comparative analysis of reports of accidents caused by bites of pet animals in the context of ASPO by Covid-19

El aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio (ASPO) es una medida excepcional que el Gobierno Nacional adopta en un contexto crítico. Con el fin de proteger la salud pública frente a la propagación de la Covid-19, se dispuso que todas las personas que habitan, o se encuentren temporalmente, en las jurisdicciones donde rige esta normativa deberán permanecer en sus domicilios habituales, sólo pudiendo realizar desplazamientos mínimos e indispensables para aprovisionarse de artículos de limpieza, medicamentos y alimentos (Decreto Nacional 297/2020). En la Ciudad de Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) rige desde el 20 de marzo el ASPO, y se ha ido flexibilizando a lo largo del tiempo. En este contexto se modificaron conductas, actividades e incluso asistencia a los centros de salud para consultas no relacionadas con Covid-19. En este informe pretendemos dar cuenta de la situación en relación a la denuncia de accidentes por mordeduras de animales de compañía. (AU)

Injuries caused by fish to fishermen in the Vale do Alto Juruá, Western Brazilian Amazon

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to document injuries caused by fish among professional fishermen in the Western Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: We undertook a descriptive, retrospective study, involving 51 professional fishermen, to determine clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic aspects of their injuries. RESULTS: Among 51 fishermen interviewed, most injuries were due to mandi (Pimelodus spp.), and the hands were the most injured region, resulting in pain and bleeding in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings confirm the morbidity of fish-related injuries, and reaffirm the need for relevant information regarding prevention and injury management.

Human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis relative to the disease epidemiological status / Tratamento antirrábico humano pós-exposição em relação à situação epidemiológica da doença

Abstract This study evaluated the prophylactic measures adopted after attacks by dogs and cats in the main city of Northwester São Paulo State, based on the technical manual for post-exposure treatment, considering the not controlled (1990-1996) and controlled (1997-2010) rabies status. A retrospective analysis was done using the data from the SINAN records (W64-CID10) between 1990 and 2010. In most cases, the accidents were mild (76.9%), and biting animals were healthy (75.4%); therefore, no treatment was needed in 53.3% of the cases. In 64.6% of cases, the prescribed PEP treatment was inappropriate. The most indicated PEP treatments consisted of vaccine and RIG (43.4%), and either three doses of mouse brain vaccine or two doses of cell culture vaccine (76.5%), during the not controlled and controlled rabies periods, respectively. The treatment was more appropriate and followed the technical recommendations during controlled rabies periods compared to not controlled (p < 0.0001) periods. However, excessive application of RIG and rabies vaccine was observed in both periods.

Resumo O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a conduta profilática adotada após agressões por cães e gatos no município de Araçatuba, SP, com base no Manual Técnico de Tratamento Antirrábico Humano e considerando-se as situações de raiva não controlada (1990-1996) e controlada (1997-2010). Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos dados das fichas do SINAN (W64-CID10) preenchidas pelo serviço de atendimento antirrábico no período de 1990 a 2010. Na maioria dos casos os acidentes foram leves (76,9%) e os animais agressores estavam sadios (75,4%), resultando em 53,3% de dispensa do tratamento. Em 64,6% dos casos em que houve indicação de tratamento esta foi considerada inadequada. No período de raiva não controlada houve maior indicação do tratamento com vacina e soro (43,4%) e no de raiva controlada o tratamento com três doses de vacina Fuenzalida e Palácios ou duas doses de vacina de cultivo celular (76,5%). No período de raiva controlada as condutas foram mais adequadas, segundo as recomendações técnicas, do que no período de raiva não controlada (p < 0,0001), embora, em ambos os períodos, tenha se observado uma aplicação excessiva de soro e vacina.

Niños con mordeduras de animales hospitalizados en un centro de referencia de Uruguay / Children with animal bites hospitalized in a reference center of Uruguay

Resumen: Introducción: Las mordeduras de animales constituyen un problema sanitario. Pueden producir lesiones de diversa gravedad con riesgo de secuelas estéticas, funcionales y complicaciones infecciosas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas, los tratamientos y las complicaciones de las lesiones por mordeduras de animales en niños hospitalizados en un centro de referencia de Uruguay. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los niños hospitalizados por mordeduras de animales entre 2014 y 2017. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se registraron el animal involucrado, el tipo de lesiones, los tratamientos, las complicaciones y si el caso se notificó al Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Se hospitalizaron 106 niños (media de edad: 4.5 años). El animal involucrado más común fue el perro (80.2%), seguido de roedores (8.5%), arácnidos (4.7%) y otros (6.5%). Las lesiones fueron en su mayoría únicas (61.3%) y superficiales (80.2%), y la hospitalización se hizo en cuidados moderados en el 91.5% de los casos. Los tratamientos se centraron en higiene (96.2%), sutura (70.8%) y profilaxis antibiótica (81.1%). Se presentaron complicaciones en el 77.4% de los casos. En tres fue posible el aislamiento del agente etiológico más frecuente: Streptococcus pyogenes. El 20.7% de los casos se notificaron al Ministerio de Salud. No se registró letalidad. Conclusiones: Del total de los niños hospitalizados, los más afectados fueron varones menores de 5 años. Predominaron las lesiones en la cabeza y los miembros, mayoritariamente leves y superficiales. En el 77.4% de los casos hubo complicaciones, principalmente infecciosas y estético-funcionales.

Abstract: Background: Animal bites are a health problem that can produce lesions of varying severity, with the risk of aesthetic and functional sequelae and infectious complications. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical, epidemiological, treatment and complications of lesions caused by animal bites in children hospitalized in a reference center in Uruguay. Method: Descriptive, retrospective study. All children hospitalized for animal bites between 2014 and 2017 were included. Medical records were reviewed and data, such as the animal involved, injuries, treatments, complications, and if the case was notified to the Ministry of Health, were recorded. Results: A total of 106 children were hospitalized, with a mean age 4.5 years. The animals involved were dogs (80.2%), rodents (8.5%), arachnids (4.7%), and others (6.5%). The majority of the lesions were superficial (80.2%), and 91.5% of the cases were hospitalized in moderate care. The treatments were hygiene (96.2%), suture (70.8%), and antibiotic prophylaxis (81.1%). There were complications in 77.4% of the cases. In three cases, the isolation of the most frequent etiological agent was possible: Streptococcus pyogenes. Notification to the Ministry of Health occurred in 20.7% of the cases. No lethality was recorded. Conclusions: A total of 106 children were hospitalized due to animal bites. The most affected were males under 5 years old. Most of them were bitten at home or nearby. Dogs and rodents were the most involved animals. There were predominantly head and limb lesions, mostly mild and superficial. Complications occurred in 77.4% of cases, mainly infectious and aesthetic-functional.

Gestión de información y epidemiología en el caso de la distribución espacial de personas mordidas por perros / Information management and epidemiology in the case of spatial distribution of people bitten by dogs

La gestión de información es importante para las instituciones de salud. Por eso, el objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los productos de información obtenidos desde un sistema de información georreferenciado, utilizando como ejemplo la distribución espacial de las personas mordidas por perros en la ciudad de Temuco, para mostrar productos útiles para la toma de decisiones. Los productos de información asociados a su componente geográfico permitieron visualizar elementos ambientales que los productos clásicos como informes dificultan representar. Mediante un sistema de información georreferenciado e imágenes satelitales pudimos indicar que existen dos zonas de alta concentración de personas mordidas por perros: Pedro De Valdivia y Pueblo Nuevo, con el 36,8 y el 1,4 por ciento respectivamente. También pudimos evaluar los eventos de interés particulares en relación con las fuentes fijas de información y determinar los componentes ambientales involucrados. Por último, utilizando datos basados en un sistema de información georreferenciado, se generaron múltiples productos de información que serían dependientes de las necesidades de información requerida. Los sistemas de información georreferenciados son herramientas de gran ayuda en dar respuesta a las necesidades, cada vez más demandantes, por productos de información inmediatos, económicos y sencillos. Los productos obtenidos a través del sistema de información georreferenciado permiten a los epidemiólogos consolidar e integrar información, conocer la distribución y la densidad, así como realizar los análisis de acuerdo con las necesidades que los eventos de interés patológico requieren y que se resumen en el monitoreo, el control y su posible erradicación(AU)

Information management is important for health institutions. Therefore, as the objective, information products obtained from a georeferenced information system are examined, using as an example the spatial distribution of people bitten by dogs in the city of Temuco, to show useful products for decision making. Information products associated with its geographic component allow the visualization of environmental elements that classic products such as reports make difficult to represent. Using a geo-referenced information system and satellite images, we can indicate that there are two areas of high concentration of people bitten by dogs: Pedro De Valdivia and Pueblo Nuevo, with 36.8 percent and 1.4 percent respectively. We can also evaluate the events of particular interest associated with the fixed sources of information and determine the environmental components involved. Finally, using data based on a geo-referenced information system, multiple information products can be generated that will be dependent on the information needs required. Geo-referenced information systems are very helpful tools in responding to the increasingly demanding needs for immediate, economic and simple information products. The products obtained through georeferenced information systems allow epidemiologists to consolidate and to integrate information, to know the distribution and density, as well as to perform the analyses according to the needs required by the events of pathological interest and that are summarized by monitoring, control and possible eradication(AU)

Injuries caused by fish in a community of Pantanal fishermen: detection, treatment, and prevention of envenomations and trauma

Abstract INTRODUCTION Injuries caused by fish are common in the Pantanal, a flooded area in Midwestern Brazil. METHODS A survey was conducted to identify venomous and trauma-inducing fish and the incidence of such injuries in a local fishing community. RESULTS The injuries were caused by catfish, freshwater stingrays, and piranhas. All fishermen had suffered injuries, and nearly 30% had recent injuries. CONCLUSIONS A leaflet and discussions decreased the injuries (only two were recorded in the next year). The campaign educated fishermen about prevention of and first aid for injuries. Similar campaigns will be performed in other communities of the Pantanal.

Delayed healthcare and secondary infections following freshwater stingray injuries: risk factors for a poorly understood health issue in the Amazon

Abstract INTRODUCTION This study aimed to describe the profile of freshwater stingray injuries in the State of Amazonas, Brazilian Amazon, and to identify the associated risk factors for secondary infections. METHODS This cross-sectional study used surveillance data from 2007 to 2014 to identify factors associated with secondary infections from stingray injuries. RESULTS A total of 476 freshwater stingray injuries were recorded, with an incidence rate of 1.7 cases/100,000 person/year. The majority of injuries were reported from rural areas (73.8%) and 26.1% were related to work activities. A total of 74.5% of patients received medical assistance within the first 3 hours of injury. Secondary infections and necrosis were observed in 8.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Work-related injuries [odds ratio (OR) 4.1, confidence interval (CI); 1.87-9.13] and >24 hours from a sting until receiving medical care (OR; 15.5, CI; 6.77-35.40) were independently associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, work-related injuries and >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care were independently and significantly associated with the risk of secondary infection. The frequency of infection following sting injuries was 9%. The major factor associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection was a time period of >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care.

Análisis de las lesiones ocasionadas por mordeduras de animales de compañía en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: Año 2017 / Analysis of the injuries caused by pets´s bites in the City of Buenos Aires: Year 2017

Las lesiones ocasionadas por mordeduras de animales de compañía constituyen un problema de importancia para la salud, por un lado se relaciona con los traumas directos y los derivados posteriormente tanto físicos como psicológicos, así como con aspectos relacionados con la transmisión potencial de una enfermedad mortal como es la rabia. Actualmente la rabia no se encuentra erradicada; aún se registran casos en animales de compañía de países limítrofes e incluso en provincias del norte de nuestro país. Asimismo en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (CABA) se mantiene el ciclo aéreo de la rabia a través de los murciélagos. Éstos, al padecer la enfermedad, y por la afectación del sistema nervioso central, presentan: incoordinación, problemas de su sistema de radar, parálisis y muerte. Los perros y gatos domésticos, así como las personas, pueden tomar contacto con estos animales enfermos o muertos y contagiarse de rabia. Se analizan las denuncias efectuadas en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante 2017, así como los datos de los animales agresores

La pérdida de la percepción al riesgo de zoonosis y la figura del perro comunitario / Loss of risk perception to zoonoses and the figure of community dog

Resumen Los perros son causantes de zoonosis y lesiones; en especial, si aceptamos como normales conductas peligrosas; perdiendo la percepción al riesgo a enfermar. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue demostrar, que la presencia de perros vagos y comunitarios, es un peligro para la salud y seguridad pública, a través de información epidemiológica que sustenta la medida de evitar su libre circulación. La agresividad de los perros regula sus relaciones sociales a través de sumisión o dominancia; características de difícil reconocimiento para la población humana. En Chile, 327.150 personas resultaron mordidas por perros, entre los años 2003-2012, con un costo de U$22,7 a U$177,9 millones; además de los U$3,13 millones por intervenir quirúrgicamente 767 sujetos humanos de hidatidosis durante el año 2012. Sin embargo, la zoonosis más temida es la rabia, dado el resultado mortal de ésta. No se debe tolerar la presencia de perros vagos y comunitarios en las calles, medida que debe tener un sustento técnico de salud y seguridad pública; debido a que la población ha perdido la capacidad de percibir el riesgo de contraer enfermedades zoonóticas, de altos costos para el sistema asistencial; sin considerar el desmedro económico al núcleo familiar y el daño psicológico a los afectados.

Dogs may cause zoonoses and damages; especially when we accept as normal some dangerous behavior, losing the perception of disease risk. The purpose of this review was to demonstrate that the presence of stray dogs as well as community dogs, are public health hazard. Through sustainable epidemiological information, we believe this measure could prevent it from spreading. Dog's aggressiveness regulates its social relationships through submission or dominance; those characteristics are difficult to be recognized by human population. In Chile, 327.150 people were bitten by dogs, between years 2003 and 2012 with a cost of USD$22.7 to USD$177,9 million in addition to the USD$3,13 million for the surgical intervention of 767 human subjects of Hydatidosis during 2012. However zoonosis more dangerous is Rabies with death results. As a conclusion we state that the presence of stray and community dogs in the streets cannot be tolerated. This measure must have a sustainable technical of Health and Public safety because population have lost its ability of recognize the risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, with high costs for the health care system, besides the economical decline and psychological damage to the affected individuals.

Microbiología de las infecciones posteriores a mordeduras / Microbiology of bite wound infections

Son ampliamente conocidos por los pediatras los procedimientos a seguir ante las heridas inflingidas a un niño por perros, gatos o por otros seres humanos. En esta actualización se detallan los microorganismos causales de infecciones posteriores a mordeduras, enfatizando aquellos vinculados a agresiones de otros animales. En casos de mordeduras por animales de granja, salvajes (en especial reptiles) y acuáticos es necesario considerar la inclusión, en el esquema profiláctico empírico inicial, antibióticos activos frente a enterobacterias, Aeromonas, Vibrio y Pseudomonas. En el caso de mordeduras de monos se debe tener en cuenta la posibilidad de infecciones virales potencialmente fatales, en las provocadas por roedores, la esporotricosis y en las producidas por animales acuáticos, las micobacterias atípicas como Mycobacterium marinum o Mycobacterium haemophilum, dado que desarrollan en medios para micobacterias pero a 30ºC (AU)

The adequate procedures to follow in children with bite wounds inflicted by dogs, cats, or by other human beings are well known by pediatricians. This update describes microorganisms that may cause infections in bite wounds, with a focus on those caused by other animals. In bite injuries caused by farm, wild (especially reptiles), and aquatic animals, antibiotics effective against Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas, Vibrio, and Pseudomonas should be included in the initial empirical prophylactic treatment scheme. In case of bite injuries caused by monkeys, the possibility of potentially fatal viral infections should be taken into account, in the case of bites by rodents the possibility of sporotricosis should be considered, and in bite wounds inflicted by aquatic animals atypical mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium marinum or Mycobacterium haemophilum, should be taken into account as they develop in an environment for mycobacteria, but at 30ºC (AU)